Author(s): Lucas Hernández, María González Ruiz, Javier Moreno Castillo and Sofía Álvarez López

Abstract: Low-power communication devices form the backbone of modern wireless ecosystems, enabling applications ranging from Internet of Things sensor networks to wearable health monitoring systems and industrial automation. Despite their widespread adoption, the performance and reliability of these devices are significantly influenced by noise and electromagnetic interference, which degrade signal integrity, increase error rates, and reduce energy efficiency. Noise originates from both internal sources, such as thermal agitation and circuit imperfections, and external sources, including electromagnetic radiation from nearby electronic equipment and wireless transmitters. Electromagnetic interference further complicates system behavior by coupling unwanted signals into sensitive analog and digital components through conduction, radiation, or induction mechanisms. In low-power devices, the limited transmission power, compact form factor, and simplified shielding intensify vulnerability to these disturbances. This introductory research provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts of noise and electromagnetic interference in low-power communication systems. It discusses the physical origins of noise, common interference coupling paths, and their impact on key performance metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio, bit error rate, latency, and power consumption. The research also highlights the relevance of regulatory constraints and electromagnetic compatibility standards that shape device design. By synthesizing theoretical insights and empirical observations reported in the literature, this work aims to establish a foundational understanding suitable for researchers, engineers, and students entering the field. The analysis emphasizes the need for integrated mitigation strategies combining circuit-level design, layout optimization, filtering, shielding, and protocol-aware techniques. Ultimately, this research seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical noise models and practical design challenges in low-power communication devices, providing a conceptual framework that supports the development of robust, energy-efficient, and interference-resilient wireless systems in increasingly dense electromagnetic environments.

DOI: 10.33545/2707661X.2026.v7.i1a.172

Pages: 23-27 | Views: 46 | Downloads: 22

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